When Charles Ohiyesa Eastman, a degreed Dakota physician with an East Coast university education, met Elaine Goodale, a teacher and supervisor of education among the Sioux, they were about to witness one of the worst massacres in U.S. history: the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre. As Charles and Elaine witnessed the horror, they formed a bond that would carry them across the United States as they become advocates for Native Americans, whistle-blowing the corruption and racism of the nation’s Native American policies.
They used their lives to fight for citizenship and equal rights for indigenous people. Charles built a national organization of and for Native Americans that paralleled the NAACP. He brought Indian ways into the popular scouting movement. They each wrote eleven books, lobbied Congress, made speeches, wrote articles, and protested the steady erosion of indigenous rights and resources.
In this double biography, social and political history combine to paint vivid pictures of the time. Gretchen Cassel Eick deftly connects the experiences and responses of Native Americans with those of African Americans and white progressives during the period from the Civil War to World War II. In addition, tensions between the Eastmans mirror the dilemmas of gender, cultural pluralism, and the ethnic differences that Charles and Elaine faced as they worked to make a nation care about Native American impoverishment.
The Eastmans’ story is a national story, but it is also intensely personal. It reveals the price American reformers paid for their activism and the cost exacted for American citizenship. This thoughtful book brings a bleak chapter in American history alive and will cause readers to think about the connections between Charles and Elaine’s time and ours.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
List of Illustrations
PART 1
1 Beginnings 3
2 Retribution
3 Lincoln’s “War of Races” and Dakota Conscientious Objectors
4 Mis-Trials, Death Camps, Flight, Mass Execution, and Removal
5 Refugees
PART 2
6 Sky Farm, Western Massachusetts, and Homesteading in South Dakota
7 Military Pacification, the Churches and Dakota Resistance
8 Reunion
9 The Black Hills and Little Big Horn
10 Parallel Policies: The South and The West
11 Nonviolent Forms of Resistance
12 The Politics of Indian Policy
13 Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee: 1890
PART 3
14 The Consequences of Whistleblowing, a Pan-Indian Identity, and Lobbying Congress
15 “Scholarship” and the New Racism
16 Working for Pratt, at Crow Creek, and Writing
Endnotes
Bibliography
About the Author
Gretchen Cassel Eick is an award winning author and professor of history at Friends University in Wichita, Kansas. She and her husband divide their year between Wichita, KS, and Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina(BiH), where they teach in the English Department of the Dzemal Bijedic University in Mostar, BiH.